 |
||
|
|
||
|
GUIDE TO CITATION IN APA STYLE |
||
|
|
Citing sources in the text
Making list of sources cited
|
|
|
|
||
|
CITING SOURCES IN THE TEXT (PARENTHETICAL CITATION) |
||
|
a) One author: -The surname of the author (do not include suffixes such as Jr.) and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point. If the author name is part of narrative in the text, cite only the year in parentheses. Otherwise, place both name and year, separated by a comma in parenthesis (as in second example):
Walker (2000) compared reaction times…. b) Multiple authors: -When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text. -When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italicize and with a period after “al”) and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within the paragraph as it is used in second example below:
Wasserstein, Zapulla, Rosen, Gerstman, and Rock (1994)
found… (First citation in text) -When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italicize and with a period after “al”) and the year for the first and subsequent citations. If two references with six or more authors shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of the first authors and of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by a comma and et al. Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1996) and Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli et al. (1996) -Join the names in a multiple-author citation by the word and. as Nightlinger and Littlewood (1993) demonstrated -In parenthetical material, in tables and captions, and in the reference list, join the names by an ampersand (&): as has been shown (Jöreskog & Sörborn, 1989) c) Work with no author and with Corporate Author: -When a work has no author, cite in text the first few words of the entry (of the title) and the year, or the whole title if it is short in place of author name in the citation. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book or report:
on free care (“Study Finds,” 1982) -Citing groups as authors: If the name of the organization is long and cumbersome and if the abbreviation is familiar or readily understandable, you may abbreviate the name in the second and subsequent citations, not the short ones (University of Pittsburgh). First text citation: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999) Subsequent text citations: (NIMH, 1999) -When a work has no date of publication, cite in text the author’s name, followed by a comma and n.d. for “no date”. When a date of publication is inapplicable, such a s very old works, cite the year of translation you sued, preceded by trans., or the year of the version you used, followed by version. If the original date of publication is known, it must be included in citation.
(Aristotle, trans. 1931) -If the work has authors with the same surnames, include the first author’s initials in all text citations, even if the year of publication differs:
R. D. Luce (1959) and P. A. Luce (1986) also found -Order the citation of two or more works within the same parentheses in the same order in which they appear in the reference list. Arrange works by year of publication. Place in-press citations last. Give the author surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the date. past research (Edeline & Weinberger, 1991, 1993) -List two or more works by different author who are cited within the same parentheses in alphabetical order by the first author’s surname. Separate the citations with semicolons: Several studies (Balda, 1980; Kamil, 1988; Pepperberg & Funk, 1990) demonstrated that… -To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table or equation at the appropriate point in text. Always give page numbers for quotations. Abbreviate the words page and chapter in such text citations:
(Cheek &
Buss, 1981, p.332) For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the ¶ symbol or the abbreviation para. If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of paragraph following it to direct reader to the location of the material. (Myers, 2000, ¶ 5) (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para.1)
|
||
|
MAKING THE LIST OF SOURCES CITED (REFERENCE LIST) |
||
|
Basic citation format for the books is: Format: Author, A.A. (Date of publication). Title of work. Location: Publisher. -Italicize the title name when add a book entry to your reference list. -Give in parentheses the year the work was copyrighted (for unpublished works, give the year the work was produced). 1. Book with two authors:
Sennett, R., & Cobb, J. (1972). The hidden injuries of class. New
York: 2. Book, third edition, Jr. in name: Mitchell, T. R., Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to organizational behavior (3rd. Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 3. Book, group author (government agency) as publisher: Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991). Estimated resident population by age and sex in statistical local areas, New South Wales, June 1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. 4. Edited Book: Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 5. Book, no author or editor: Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
6. Encyclopedia or dictionary: Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan. 7. Non-English book: Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La genèse de l’idée de hasard chez l’enfant [The origin of the idea of chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
|
||
|
B-Parts of the Books: Format: Article or chapter author. (Date of publication). Article or chapter title. Book editors. Book title and article or chapter page numbers. Publication Information 1. Article or chapter in an edited book, two editors: Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. In H. L. Pick Jr., P. van den Broek, & D. C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual and methodological issues (pp. 51-84). Washington DC: American Psychological Association. -For a chapter in a book that is not edited, include the word In before the book title. Italicize only the title name. For non-English books translated into English, italicize the title name in original source. 2. Chapter in a volume series: Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
3. Non-English article or chapter in an edited book, title translated into English: Davydov, V.V. (1972). De Introductie van het begrip grootheid in de eerste klas van de basisschool: Een experimentel onderzoek [The introduction of the concept of quantity in the first grade of the primary school: An experimental study]. In C. F. Van Parreren & J. A. M. Carpay (Eds.), Sovjetpsychologen aan het woord (pp. 227-289). Groningen, The Netherlands: Wolters-Noordhoff. 4. Article in an encyclopedia: Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
-If
an entry has no byline, place the title in the author position just like
for the books with no author. |
||
|
C-Journals, Magazines and Newspapers: d) Articles: Basic Format: Author(s). (Date of publication). Article title. Periodical title and publication information. -Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper noun. Do not italicize the article title or place quotation marks around it. -Write in press in parentheses for articles that have been accepted for publication but have not yet been published. 1. Journal article, one author: -If the reference is not fitted in a line, the second line must be set as hanging indent: Mellers, B. A. (200). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924. -Beside journal title, volume number must be also italicized. 2. Journal article, two authors, journal paginated by issue: Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. 3. Journal article, three to six authors: Saywitz, K.J., Mannarino, A. P., Berliner, L., & Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. American psychologists, 55, 1040-1049. 4. Journal article, more than six authors: Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843-856. -After the sixth author’s name and initial, use et al. to indicate the remaining authors of the article. -In text, use the following parenthetical citation each time (including the first) the work is cited: (Wolchik et al., 2000) 6- Magazine article: Kandel, E. R., & Squire L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120. -Give the date shown on the publication—month for monthlies or month and day for weeklies. -Give the volume number. 7. Daily newspaper article, no author: New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from the heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12. -Alphabetize works with no author by the first significant word in title. -In text, use a short title for the parenthetical citation: (“New Drug,” 1993). -Give the year followed by the exact date on publication, in parentheses (month or month and day. -Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p. or pp. 8. Daily newspaper article, discontinuous pages: Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. -If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and separate the numbers with a comma (e.g., B1, B3, B5-B7).
|
||
|
D-Other Sources: 1) Proceedings of Meetings and Symposia: a. Published proceedings, published contribution to a symposium, article or chapter in an edited book: Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. -Capitalize the name of symposium, which is a proper noun. -If the name of the state, province, or country is included in the name of university, do not repeat the state, province, or the country in the publisher location. -Italicize the name of symposium. b. Proceedings published regularly: Cynx, J. Williams, H., & Nottebohm, F. (1992). Hemispheric differences in avian song discrimination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89, 1372-1375. -Treat regularly published proceedings as periodicals. -Note. If only an abstract of the article appears in the proceedings, insert [abstract] after the article title and before the period. c. Motion picture: Format: Director and producer name (the function of originator or primary contributors). (Date of production). Title [Work identification]. Motion picture’s country of origin: Name of the movie studio. Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures -Give the motion picture’s country of origin (where it was primarily made and released) as well as the name of the movie studio. -When a motion picture is of limited circulation, provide the distributor’s name and complete address in parenthesis at the end of the reference. See the example below. American Psychological Association (Producer). (2000). Responding therapeutically to patient expressions of sexual attraction: A stimulus training tape [Motion picture]. (Available from the American Psychological Association, 750 First Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242) d. Television broadcast: Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service. e. Television series: Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind [Television Series]. New York: WNET. f. Single episode from a television series: Hall, B. (Writer), & Bender, J. (Director). (1991). The rules of the game [Television series episode]. In J. Sander (Producer), I’ll fly away. New York: New York Broadcasting Company. -In the author position, list script writers first, followed by the director (identify his or her function in parentheses after the name).
-Insert in, and place the producer of the series in the editor position. |
||
|
E-Listing Electronic Resources: 1. Internet article based on a print source: Format: Author, A. (Date of publication). Article title [Article form identifier]. Journal title, volume, pagination. Retrieved month day, year, from source. -When viewing the article only in its electronic form, add [Electronic version] after the article title as in the example below: VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. 2. Article in an Internet-only journal: Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html 3. Article in an Internet-only journal, retrieved via file transfer protocol (ftp): Crow, T. J. (2000). Did Homo sapiens speciate on the y chromosome? Psychologuy, 11. Retrieved March 25, 2001, from ftp://ftp.princeton.edu/harnad/Psychologuy/2000.volume.11/psyc.00.11.001.language-sex.chromosomes.1.crow 4. Multipage document created by private organization, no date: Greater New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000, Task Force on Teen and Adolescent Issues. (n.d.). Who has time for a family meal? You do! Retrieved October 5, 2000, from http://www.familymealtime.org -When an Internet document comprises multiple pages (i.e., different sections have different URLs), provide a URL that links to the home (or entry) page for document. -Use n.d. (no date) when a publication date is not available. 5. Chapter or section in an Internet document: Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground bit by bit: Low-income communities in the information age (chap. 2). Retrieved August 18, 2001, from http://www.benton.org/Library/Low-Income/two.html -Use a chapter or section identifier (if available) in place of page numbers. -Provide a URL that links directly to the chapter or section. 6. Stand-alone document, no author identified, no date: GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/user_surverys/survey-1997-10/ -If the author of a document is not identified, begin the reference with the title of the document. Italicize the title. 7. Document available on university program or department Web site: Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
-If a
document is contained within a large and complex Web site (such as that for
a university or a government agency), identify the host organization and
the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document
itself.
Precede the URL with a colon. |
||
|
F-Order of References in the Reference List 1. Alphabetizing names: -Alphabetize letter by letter. Brown, J. R., precedes Browning, A. R. -Alphabetize the prefixes M’, Mc, and Mac literally, not as if they were all spelled Mac. Disregard the apostrophe: MacArthur precedes McAllister, and MacNeil precedes M’Carthy. -Alphabetize the surnames that contain articles and prepositions like de, la, du, von according to the rules of the language of origin. If you know that a prefix is commonly part of the surname (e.g., De Vries), treat the prefix as part of the last name and alphabetize by the prefix (e.g., DeBase precedes De Vries). 2. Order of several works by the same first author: -One-author series by the same author are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first: Hewlett, L. S. (1996). Hewlett, L. S. (1999). -One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname: Alleyne, R. L. (2001). Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999) -References with the same first author and different second or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author or, if the second author is the same, the surname of the third author, and so on: Gosling, J. R., Jerald, K. & Belfar, S. F. (2000). Gosling, J. R., & Tevlin, D. F. (1996). Hayward, D., Firsching, A., & Brown, J. (1999). Hayward, D., Firsching, A., & Smigel, J. (1999). -Reference with the same authors in the same order are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first: Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2000). Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2001). -Reference by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A or The) that follows the date. If the reference with the same authors published in the same year are identified as articles in a series (e.g., Part 1 and Part 2), order the references in the series order, not alphabetically by the title. In this case, lowercase letters are placed immediately after the year, within parentheses: Bahetti, J. R. (2001a). Control… Bahetti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of… 3. Order of several works by different first authors with same surname: Works by different authors with the same surname are arranged alphabetically by the first initial: Mathur, A. L., & Wallston, J. (1999). Mathur, S. E., & Ahlers, R. J. (1998). 4. Order of works with group authors or with no authors: -Alphabetize group authors, such as associations or government agencies, by the first significant word of the name. Full official names should be used (e.g., American Psychological Association, not APA). -A parent body precedes a subdivision (e.g., University of Michigan, Department of Psychology). -If there is no author, title moves to the author position, and the entry is alphabetized by the first significant word of title:
|
||
|
Useful resources on APA Citation Style: |
||
|
-American Psychological Association (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: American Psychlogical Association.
http://www.apastyle.org/styletips.html
|
||